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The discovery of artifacts associated with an ancient board game is offering clues about how humans interacted thousands of years ago.
At various sites on the Abşeron Peninsula and Gobustan Reserve in Azerbaijan, archaeologists have found six designs carved into the surfaces of rocks. Dating to around 2000 BCE, they each resemble the hallmark pattern on which the ancient board game Hounds and Jackals is based. This is contemporaneous with the previous oldest example of the game ever found, hailing from the tomb of a government official of ancient Egypt.
The locations challenge the presumed origins of the game, also known as Fifty-Eight Holes, say archaeologists Walter Crist of Leiden University in the Netherlands and Rahman Abdullayev of the Minnesota Historical Society. It could have emerged in south-western Asia, rather than Egypt, as experts had previously supposed.
Two game 'boards' discovered at Ağdaşdüzü . (Crist & Abdullayev, Eur. J. Archaeol., 2024)But, wherever it emerged, the discovery highlights something very important about board games: they are an excellent way to forge social bonds, across not just distance, but social class: the Azerbaijan artifacts were likely used by cattle herders.
"At certain times in antiquity, particular games were regionally popular, suggesting that they helped to connect cultures that regularly interacted with one another," Crist and Abdullayev write in their paper.
"The game of Fifty-Eight Holes probably served this purpose in the second millennium BCE in Egypt and south-western Asia, because it was the only game that was played throughout the region."
The history of board games goes back thousands of years, and appears to be widespread. At some point, someone must have been the first to have scrawled a pattern in the dust and joined with fellow humans in a game of something. We can't know what that something is, but we can piece together an incomplete history based on the artifacts of board games left behind, from dice to pieces to the boards themselves.
A game of Hounds and Jackals from Egypt in the collection of and on display at the Met Museum. (Met Museum)Hounds and Jackals – named for an example of the game where the pieces had hound and jackal heads – is what is known as a race game, where two players move pieces around a track in an attempt to be the first to reach the end, like Snakes and Ladders, or Ludo. It has 58 holes in a specific pattern, and the pieces – five hounds and five jackals – are placed in new holes as the players move around the board. Presumably the player who gets all their pieces to the end first wins.
To date, around 70 gameboards for Hounds and Jackals have been discovered, many in Egypt. These include the oldest dated example, which was found in a tomb at El-Assasif dated some time between 2064 and 1952 BCE. From this, the assumption was that the game had originated in Egypt and spread from there.
Crist and Abdullayev discovered their six 'board' designs at various sites across Azerbaijan: three were found at Ağdaşdüzü, and one each at Çapmalı, Yenı Türkan, and Dübəndi. They consisted of carvings in rocks, where the holes have been picked out. Dating them is a bit challenging, but the use of these sites and the other artifacts within them give a rough timeframe: while the Ağdaşdüzü boards are dated to the second millennium BCE, the other three are from between the second half of the third millennium BCE and the first half of the second.
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This means that they are roughly contemporaneous with the El-Assasif board, and may even predate it. However, even if the boards are from around the same time, the simultaneous appearance suggests that Egypt may not have been the birthplace of Hounds and Jackals, after all.
And the locations of the Azerbaijan finds suggest that the game was enjoyed across the social spectrum. In Çapmalı the game board was found in a cave that was used as a winter shelter by cattle herders, while in Yeni Türkan and Dübəndi, the games were found in tombs of the wealthy. The wide geographical spread, and range of social contexts in which the game has been found, suggests that Hounds and Jackals was a powerful tool for making connections, forging friendships, and assessing trustworthiness between people.
"Whatever the origin of the game of Fifty-Eight Holes, it was quickly adopted and played by a wide variety of people, from the nobility of Middle Kingdom Egypt to the cattle herders of the Caucasus, and from the Old Assyrian traders in Anatolia to the workers who built Middle Kingdom pyramids," the researchers write.
"The fast spread of this game attests to the ability of games to act as social lubricants, facilitating interactions across social boundaries."
And that's as true now as it was then.
The research has been published in the European Journal of Archaeology.
